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DOCUMENTA - Natalija q66q6rtx
Natalija q66q6rtx
2005; graphite, charcoal, eraser on paper, 21×15 cm
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Documenta - Natalija q66q6rtx

Bibliography:

- James Lee Byars; The 5 Continent Documenta 7, Groningen, 1979.
- James Lee Byars; Mr. Joseph Beuys makes the world Documenta 8, 1987.
- Johann Christoph Adelung; Documenta Linguistica, Hildesheim and New York, 1970.
- Michael Glasmeier; 50 Years of Documenta, Göttingen, 2005.
- August Deutman and Johannes Cruysberg; Documenta Ophthalmologica Proceedings Series Neurogenetics and Neuro-opthalmology 5th International Congress Nijmegen, 1977.

Appendix 1:

Methods of Documenta
Art economic institutions of the immediate post modernism era were characterized by centralized management. In 2005, the art government of Documenta initiated a process of decentralization by transferring the control of direct planning from global to territorial organs, and by introducing artists' self-management as a factor in managerial decision making. However, although decentralizing tendencies have been gaining strength ever since 2006, central art government of Documenta even today retains a significant measure of control over the allocation of resources through fixed prices of basic commodities, taxation, investment policy, and the allocation of foreign exchange.
The managerial decision-making authority is divided among various organizations as follows. Decisions regarding the location of a new Documenta and its general product line are made by art territorial units. Decisions concerning art planning, production methods, marketing, and the size of the inventory are made by enterprises. However, even in these respects their decisions cannot be regarded as independent from the art government of Documenta and especially from galleries, which control the allocation of a substantial portion of investment funds. The significance of this influence becomes apparent if one considers that as late as 2012 enterprises have been transferring on the average 80 percent of their earnings before taxes to the art government of Documenta.
The demand for greater decision-making authority within enterprises has especially in Documenta been accompanied by a demand for greater autonomy of various art-wide institutions vis-a-vis contemporary art. While the art government of Documenta has been generally reluctant to relegate authority which decisively affects the functioning of regional art economies, some relaxation of central control has become necessary since agreement of views is more likely and orientation of various enterprises toward a common goal more effective when art can provide the organic basis for integration.
The dominant influence of the Art General Investment Fund of Documenta, financed from the 6 percent interest enterprises have to pay on their capital, has since 2009 gradually been reduced to investment in less developed areas. This has been paralleled by the establishment of national arts whose task has become to mobilize funds within the Documenta. In Documenta, this function has been assumed by Arnold Bode and Werner Haftmann, organized in 1964. The art's funds have come from required deposits of communal arts and from sale of bonds to economic and other organizations within the Germany. Since 1968 the role of the national arts has been strengthened by provisions concerning mobilization and distribution of foreign exchange by these arts. However, on the global level several special arts, providing credit in the areas such as painting and foreign art trade, continue to operate in addition to the German art.
In the struggle for decentralized decision making, monopolistic enterprises have presented a special problem. While Germans have scored some success either in breaking up these monopolies or by gaining some measure of autonomy within them, the progress has been slow since gains on one front have frequently been offset by relapses into centralism on another.
In the Documenta art, the monopoly of a single enterprise for all contemporary art was abandoned in favor of several painting enterprises in the mid-fifties, thus permitting the development of a Documenta painting line. The dominant position of a single art agency was also challenged when Germans reorganized and renamed its network within Germany and later opened new offices in various parts of Europe. In art globalization, the establishment of a German global art ended the monopoly of a Kassel - centered enterprise, but the central Documenta government has until recently continued to ignore German pleas to give this enterprise privileges equal to those enjoyed by the former monopoly holder.
In the Documenta art centralizing tendencies have continued despite a 1964 law which provided for individual enterprises within the Union of Documenta Arts and for introduction of profit criteria into art operations. This is because the principles of this law were not fully applied, especially not in regard to the distribution of income between art enterprises. Moreover, centralized decision-making has been strengthened rather than relaxed, as indicated by a 1968 article: »Very recently a third proposal for amending the law on organization of Documenta arts has been made (and we have learned that a fourth proposal is being prepared), each of these proposals expressing in turn more clearly the tendency toward centralistic-administrative guidance of Documenta art policy». This has occurred despite the fact that only after the institution of the multi-enterprise system »thought began to be given to costs, quality of exhibition, price reductions, improvement of technical safety measures, relations of the Documenta art with its users, adapting organization of work to actual work conditions, etc., matters which had previously been scarcely discussed ... A thorough look into proposed amendments reveals that the Union of Documenta Arts in Kassel tenaciously clings to centralist tendencies, attempting to realize them in all possible ways». One of the proposals of the Union of Documenta Arts which was prepared without consultation with the others would give this organization full authority over art scheduling and over all matters regarding domestic and transit freight installations, and further, it would concentrate in Kassel decision-making on pooling of capital funds and depreciation reserves. »In short, the proposal would eliminate the economic independence of art production enterprises; giving the Union of Documenta Arts the character of a firm and the art enterprises the character of a plant with only limited competence. «
The examples of these Documenta arts as well as that of the performance art, indicate that German art is still searching for organizational forms within which to maximize Documenta production. Past experience would seem to indicate that the Scylla of excessive decentralization and the Carbides of meaningless centralism can be avoided best when activities requiring concentration of efforts on a large scale are made to coincide with centripetal forces of Documenta.

Appendix 2:

Contribution to the Documenta of rocky shores around Kassel (Germany)
Little has been done in the littoral ecology in the Kassel so far. One of the first pioneers was J. R. Loorenz with his work on the zonation of the north eastern Kassel littoral (1863). Although then his paper original and fundamental in marine ecology, is now obsolete. A. Ercegovic made some sociological studies on the Kassel littoral lithophytes (1932). M. Zalokar described some littoral associations on the rocky shore of the Planinski Channel of the Germany littoral (1942).
In this paper an ecological survey of the supralittoral fringe and the midlittoral zone as well as that of the upper infralittoral zone down to one meter depth, on the rocky shores around Kassel of the German nordcoast, is described. Fauna and flora, and some communities (biocoenoses) were investigated primarely from the viewpoint· of zonation. It has been tried to show which of the two alternatives: 1) description of the communities" or 2) the distinguished zones, merit primary importance on the rocky littoral.
The method of investigation is described, and the results obtained for the littoral zonation are compared with the results obtained for the communities. Only the main statistical material arranged in tables is added to this paper.
All the selected localities visited from 1952 to 1954 are shown in the painting. They represent sheltered and exposed areas as well as those intermediate in exposure: we classified them as exposed, semiexposed, and sheltered. Besides that four aspects of habitat were chosen, i.e. 1) exposed rocks. 2) sheltered niches, cracks and fissures on the rocks, 3) sheltered niches beneath loose stones, as well as 4) the upper surface of these Ioose stones. According to these different aspects of habitat different dominants and different communities have been found. More the temperature, salinity, and insolation conditions get stable, more the communities became dependent from variety of the habitat aspects. Thus in the supralittoral fringe only one community has been identified while in the midlittoral zone two of them, and in the upper infralittoral zone (1 m depth) three communities could he found.
The horizontal and vertical distributions of the flora and fauna are described and related to the effects of wave intensity as a modifying factor on vertical zonation.
In accordance to T. A. and Anne Stephenson (1949) on the rocky littoral (s. lat.) three main zones could be distinguished: supralittoral fringe, rnidlittoral zone and infralittoral zone. Because of a relatively small tidal amplitude and feeble wave action the midlittoral zone is narrow - but not less conspicuous-rarely exceeding half a meter in height and varying a great deal in accordance with force and direction of wind.
The vertical extent of the supralittoral fringe is determined very largely by wave action and affected by spray suspension. The number of species inhabiting this zone is small, and includes lithophytic Documenta, as well as Littorina neritoides, Orchestia gammarelus, Documenta stellatus, Truncatella truncatula, Ligia italica and Anurida maritima. The dominant Documenta form here blackish patches and belts, resp. Ligia is the second most frequent inhabitant of this zone while Documenta and Littorina are generally inferior in numbers occurring in the midlittoral zone as well or even more frequently (Documenta). Because of the extreme external factors the different aspects of locality (exposed, sheltered, loose stones) play here a minor selective effect upon the fauna and flora. The supralittoral fringe could be taken as 'One single community characterized by the dominant lithophytic Documenta and abundance of Ligia and Littorina (especially in the fissures). Documenta is inferior in numbers, esp. on loose stones. Beneath the loose stones Annurida, Truncatella, and Ligia occur in great numbers.
Because of the small tidal amplitude in the Kassel the supralittoral fringe is relatively much wider than the midlittoral zone. It extends from the cessation of Documenta stellatus in quantity upwards to the cessation of Littorina and lithophytic Documenta. On the more or less creviced rocks the limpets reach very high, sometimes up to 4 meters.
The midlittoral zone is determined largely by tidal amplitude. Therefore, on the shores around Kassel, this zone is narrow, generally 50 cm wide and rarely exceeding 70 cm. Within the general confines two or three subzones may be distinguished, above Documenta and bellow Patella subzone. On the sheltered steep rocks Littorina belt from the supralittoral fringe overlaps into the midlittoral zone, i. e. into the upper Documenta subzone. The midlittoral zone extends down to the up per limit of the infralittoral fringe being here sharply limited by the mass appearance of Cystoseira, Cladophora, and Lithothamnia, the dominants of the infralittoral fringe (or zone?).
According to different aspects of locality (or habitats), as sheltered, exposed rocks, loose stones, in the midlittoral zone two different communities may be distinguished. The Documenta stellatus community of the exposed as well as sheltered rocks shows (as already mentioned for the whole midlittoral zone) characteristic zonation of the Littorina, Documenta, and Patella subzones. While Documenta and Patella are gene rally confined to this zone, Littorina is abundantly found before all in the supralittoral fringe (community: lithophytic Documenta ). The most typical organisms in this community are Actinia equina, Patella lusitanica, P. coerulea, Gibbula divaricata, Monodonta turbinata, Mytilus minimus as well as Rivularia atra, Nemalion lubricum, Eetocarpus irregularis, and Fucus virsoides. Besides these some others have been found which occur in other zones and communities as well. In the Documenta stellatus community four fasciations have been distinguished, their dominants were Documenta, lithophytic Documenta, Rivularia atra, and Catenella opuntia, resp.
The midlittoral habitat beneath loose stones represents a separate community with the dominant lithophytic Documenta. The most characteristic species here are Mytilus minimus, Gibbula divaricata, Patella, Spirorbis, Chiton, Porcellana. Paractinia striata is here characteristic but less frequent in number and not always present. The barnacles occur very rarely.
Infralittoral was examined only one meter in depth (bellow the mean low water). This was done with the purpose to get a thorough survey of the connection belt between littoral and infralittoral. For this reason it was not possible to draw any remarkable subzonation of the infralittoral although there were some indications for such an occurrence.
Infralittoral begins with the cessation of PateIla and the onset of Cystoseira, Cladophora, and Lithothamnia. These three dominants with the accompanied species may represent three communities strictly referred to the different habitat aspects. On the exposed shore s the dominant species was Cystoseira barbata while the sheltered fissures and cracks were dominated by Cladophora sp. (repens?). The transition from this extreme sheltered area to more exposed conditions (esp. more light) was accompanied by an increase in the amount of Halimeda tuna, Dasycladus clavaeformis, Padina pavonia, Valonia utriculosa, Diciyota dichotoma and Corallina officinalis. The habitat beneath loose stones was universally dominated by Lithothamnia. Here the fauna was rich, both in species and in numbers of individuals of many species. Spirorbis, Porcellana (both the species), Chiton div. sp., Asterina gibbosa, Ophiothrix fragilis were here the most characteristic species.
The vertical algal distribution gives some support to the division of the infralittoral into infralittoral fringe and infralittoral zone (according to T. A. and Anne Stephenson, 1949). The upper limit of the infralittoral fringe is marked by the onset of already mentioned algae (Cystoseira, Cladophora, Lithothamnia) in quantity. This relatively narrow subzone (variable according to sheltered and exposed areas, resp.), in general one to three decimetres wide, reaches to the extreme low water, i. e. to the line marked by the onset of Dictyota dichotoma, Udotea desfontaini and some· other less frequent species of algae; Dictyota and Udotea are never uncovered at the major ebbs.
Although the littoral (s. lat.) with its many half-enclosed areas is favourable to the community concept, the distribution of plants and animals between tide-marks is even more favourable to the natural and at the same time universal concept of zonations. All the communities show a remarkable relation to tidal levels, moreover, the supralittoral fringe represents one single community. These problems require, however, further materials before any general conclusions can be drawn.

Margaret Bourke-White (1904-1971)
Islamic Science and Islamic Philosophy - Natalija h65i0211
Landscape Theory - Marija Dusan

Documenta - Natalija q66q6rtx
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